Endnotes
1 Ebi, K.L., et al. (2018). Ch. 14: Human health. In: Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: Fourth national climate assessment, volume II. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 541.
2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2021). Understanding the connections between climate change and human health. Retrieved 1/21/2022.
3 Hayden, M. H., et al. (2023). Ch. 15: Human health. Fifth National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 15-9.
4 Ibid., 15-6.
5 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2021). Ch. 11: Weather and climate extreme events in a changing climate. In: Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press. In press, p. 11-6.
6 Ebi, K.L., et al. (2018). Ch. 14: Human health. In: Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: Fourth national climate assessment, volume II. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 544.
7 EPA. (2021). Understanding the connections between climate change and human health. Retrieved 3/22/2022.
8 Hayden, M. H., et al. (2023). Ch. 15: Human health. Fifth National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 15-14.
9 Ibid., 15-6.
10 Ibid.
11 National Weather Service. (2020). Weather related fatality and injury statistics. Retrieved 3/22/2022.
12 CDC. (2021). Harmful algal bloom (HAB)-associated illness. Retrieved 3/22/2022.
13 Ebi, K.L., et al. (2018). Ch. 14: Human health. In: Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: Fourth national climate assessment, volume II. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 546.
14 Lall, U., et al. (2018). Ch. 3: Water. In: Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: Fourth national climate assessment, volume II. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 150.
15 EPA. (2021). Climate change indicators: Length of growing season. Retrieved 1/21/2022.
16 Ziska, L., et al. (2016). Ch. 7: Food safety, nutrition, and distribution. In: The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 194.
17 West, J.J., et al. (2023). Ch. 14: Air quality. Fifth National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 14-5.
18 Nolte, C.G., et al. (2018). Ch. 13: Air quality. In: Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: Fourth national climate assessment, volume II. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 516.
19 EPA. (2021). Indoor air quality and climate change. Retrieved 3/22/2022.
20 EPA. (2021). Indoor air quality. Retrieved 3/22/2022.
21 Nolte, C.G., et al. (2018). Ch. 13: Air quality. In: Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: Fourth national climate assessment, volume II. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, pp. 516–518.
22 EPA. (2021). Climate change indicators: Lyme disease. Retrieved 3/23/2022.
23 CDC. (2024). Signs and symptoms of untreated Lyme disease. Retrieved 7/22/2024.
24 EPA. (2021). Climate change indicators: Lyme disease. Retrieved 3/23/2022.
25 EPA. (2021). Climate change indicators: West Nile virus. Retrieved 3/22/2022.
26 Hayden, M. H., et al. (2023). Ch. 15: Human health. Fifth National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 15-10.
27 Ebi, K.L., et al. (2018). Ch. 14: Human health. In: Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: Fourth national climate assessment, volume II. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 546.
28 Ibid.
29 Gearhart, S., et al. (2018). The impact of natural disasters on domestic violence: An analysis of reports of simple assault in Florida (1999–2007). Violence and Gender, 5, 87–92.
30 Hayden, M. H., et al. (2023). Ch. 15: Human health. Fifth National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 15-10.
31 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2021). Community health and economic prosperity: Engaging businesses as stewards and stakeholders—A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of the Associate Director for Policy and Strategy, p. xvii.
32 Asay G.R.B., et al. (2016). Absenteeism and employer costs associated with chronic diseases and health risk factors in the U.S. workforce. Prev. Chronic Dis. (13)150503.
33 Ibid.
34 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2024). Fast facts: health and economic costs of chronic conditions. Retrieved 7/23/2024.
35 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Heart Disease. Retrieved 11/30/2022.
36 Ebi, K.L., et al. (2018). Ch. 14: Human health. In: Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: Fourth national climate assessment, volume II. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 548.
37 Ibid.
38 Hayden, M. H., et al. (2023). Ch. 15: Human health. Fifth National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 15-9.
39 Huntington, H. P., et al. (2023). Ch. 29: Alaska. Fifth National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 29-12.
40 Vose, J.M., et al. (2018). Ch. 6: Forests. In: Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: Fourth national climate assessment, volume II. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 246.
41 Ebi, K.L., et al. (2018). Ch. 14: Human health. In: Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: Fourth national climate assessment, volume II. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 547.
42 Hayden, M. H., et al. (2023). Ch. 15: Human health. Fifth National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 15-12.
43 Gamble, J.L., et al. (2016). Ch. 9: Populations of concern. In: The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 260.
44 West, J.J., et al. (2023). Ch. 14: Air quality. Fifth National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 14-11.
45 Ibid.
46 National Weather Service. (2020). Weather related fatality and injury statistics. Retrieved 3/22/2022.
47 Ebi, K.L., et al. (2018). Ch. 14: Human health. In: Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: Fourth national climate assessment, volume II. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 541.
48 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2018). First responders: Behavioral health concerns, emergency response, and trauma. Disaster Technical Assistance Center Supplemental Research Bulletin, p. 3.
49Jay, A. K., et al. (2023). Chapter 1. Overview: Understanding Risks, Impacts, and Responses. Fifth National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 1-16.
50 CDC. (2024). Cancer prevention: rural policy brief. Retrieved 9/25/2024.
51 Frazier, A. G. et al. (2023). Ch. 30: Hawai’i and U.S.-affiliated Pacific islands. Fifth National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, p. 30-17.
