Tiego J, Oostermeijer S, Prochazkova L, Parkes L, Dawson A, Youssef G, et al. Overlapping dimensional phenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity explain co-occurrence of addictive and related behaviors. CNS Spectr. 2019;24:426–40.
Google Scholar
Parkes L, Tiego J, Aquino K, Braganza L, Chamberlain SR, Fontenelle LF, et al. Transdiagnostic variations in impulsivity and compulsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder and gambling disorder correlate with effective connectivity in cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuits. Neuroimage. 2019;202:116070.
Google Scholar
Chamberlain SR, Stochl J, Redden SA, Grant JE. Latent traits of impulsivity and compulsivity: toward dimensional psychiatry. Psychol Med. 2018;48:810–21.
Google Scholar
Chamberlain SR, Tiego J, Fontenelle LF, Hook R, Parkes L, Segrave R, et al. Fractionation of impulsive and compulsive trans-diagnostic phenotypes and their longitudinal associations. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2019;53:896–907.
Google Scholar
Hermens DF, Hatton SN, White D, Lee RSC, Guastella AJ, Scott EM, et al. A data-driven transdiagnostic analysis of white matter integrity in young adults with major psychiatric disorders. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;89:73–83.
Google Scholar
Cuthbert BN, Insel TR. Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Med. 2013;11:126.
Google Scholar
Kotov R, Krueger RF, Watson D, Achenbach TM, Althoff RR, Bagby RM, et al. The hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP): a dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. J Abnorm Psychol. 2017;126:454–77.
Google Scholar
Krueger RF, DeYoung CG. The RDoC initiative and the structure of psychopathology. Psychophysiology. 2016;53:351–4.
Google Scholar
Krueger RF, Kotov R, Watson D, Forbes MK, Eaton NR, Ruggero CJ, et al. Progress in achieving quantitative classification of psychopathology. World Psychiatry. 2018;17:282–93.
Google Scholar
Beauchaine TP. Role of biomarkers and endophenotypes in prevention and treatment of psychopathological disorders. Biomark Med. 2009;3:1–3.
Google Scholar
Singh I, Rose N. Biomarkers in psychiatry. Nature. 2009;460:202–7.
Google Scholar
Borsboom D, Rhemtulla M, Cramer AOJ, van der Maas HLJ, Scheffer M, Dolan CV. Kinds versus continua: a review of psychometric approaches to uncover the structure of psychiatric constructs. Psychol Med. 2016;46:1567–79.
Google Scholar
Feczko E, Miranda-Dominguez O, Marr M, Graham AM, Nigg JT, Fair DA. The heterogeneity problem: approaches to identify psychiatric subtypes. Trends Cogn Sci. 2019;23:584–601.
Google Scholar
Pan Y, Pu W, Chen X, Huang X, Cai Y, Tao H, et al. Morphological profiling of schizophrenia: cluster analysis of MRI-based cortical thickness data. Schizophr Bull. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz112.
Drysdale AT, Grosenick L, Downar J, Dunlop K, Mansouri F, Meng Y, et al. Resting-state connectivity biomarkers define neurophysiological subtypes of depression. Nat Med. 2017;23:28–38.
Google Scholar
Liang S, Wang Q, Kong X, Deng W, Yang X, Li X, et al. White matter abnormalities in major depression biotypes identified by diffusion tensor imaging. Neurosci Bull. 2019;35:867–76.
Google Scholar
Tokuda T, Yoshimoto J, Shimizu Y, Okada G, Takamura M, Okamoto Y, et al. Identification of depression subtypes and relevant brain regions using a data-driven approach. Sci Rep. 2018;8:1–13.
Google Scholar
Dinga R, Schmaal L, Penninx BWJH, van Tol MJ, Veltman DJ, van Velzen L, et al. Evaluating the evidence for biotypes of depression: methodological replication and extension of Drysdale et al. (2017). NeuroImage Clin. 2019;22:101796.
Google Scholar
Clementz BA, Sweeney JA, Hamm JP, Ivleva EI, Ethridge LE, Pearlson GD, et al. Identification of distinct psychosis biotypes using brain-based biomarkers. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:373–84.
Google Scholar
Grisanzio KA, Goldstein-Piekarski AN, Wang MY, Ahmed APR, Samara Z, Williams LM. Transdiagnostic symptom clusters and associations with brain, behavior, and daily function in mood, anxiety, and trauma disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75:201–9.
Google Scholar
Van Dam NT, O’Connor D, Marcelle ET, Ho EJ, Cameron Craddock R, Tobe RH, et al. Data-driven phenotypic categorization for neurobiological analyses: beyond DSM-5 labels. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;81:484–94.
Google Scholar
Luigjes J, Lorenzetti V, de Haan S, Youssef GJ, Murawski C, Sjoerds Z, et al. Defining compulsive behavior. Neuropsychol Rev. 2019;29:4–13.
Google Scholar
Fineberg NA, Menchon JM, Zohar J, Veltman DJ. Compulsivity—a new trans-diagnostic research domain for the roadmap for mental health research in Europe (ROAMER) and Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiatives. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26:797–9.
Google Scholar
van den Heuvel OA, van Wingen G, Soriano-Mas C, Alonso P, Chamberlain SR, Nakamae T, et al. Brain circuitry of compulsivity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26:810–27.
Figee M, Pattij T, Willuhn I, Luigjes J, van den Brink W, Goudriaan A, et al. Compulsivity in obsessive–compulsive disorder and addictions. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26:856–68.
Google Scholar
Fontenelle LF, Oostermeijer S, Harrison BJ, Pantelis C, Yücel M. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, impulse control disorders and drug addiction. Drugs. 2011;71:827–40.
Google Scholar
Fineberg NA, Apergis-Schoute AM, Vaghi MM, Banca P, Gillan CM, Voon V, et al. Mapping compulsivity in the DSM-5 obsessive compulsive and related disorders: cognitive domains, neural circuitry, and treatment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018;21:42–58.
Google Scholar
van Timmeren T, Daams JG, van Holst RJ, Goudriaan AE. Compulsivity-related neurocognitive performance deficits in gambling disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;84:204–17.
Google Scholar
Giuliano C, Belin D, Everitt BJ. Compulsive alcohol seeking results from a failure to disengage dorsolateral striatal control over behavior. J Neurosci. 2019;39:1744–54.
Banca P, Harrison NA, Voon V. Compulsivity across the pathological misuse of drug and non-drug rewards. Front Behav Neurosci. 2016;10:1–12.
Google Scholar
del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Aranda F, Agüera Z, Granero R, Hakansson A, et al. The relevance of personality traits in impulsivity-related disorders: from substance use disorders and gambling disorder to bulimia nervosa. J Behav Addict. 2017;6:396–405.
Google Scholar
Kim Y-J, Lim JA, Lee JY, Oh S, Kim SN, Kim DJ, et al. Impulsivity and compulsivity in internet gaming disorder: a comparison with obsessive–compulsive disorder and alcohol use disorder. J Behav Addict. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.069.
Yücel M, Fontenelle LF. Compulsivity as an endophenotype: the search for a hazy moving target. Addiction. 2012;107:1735–6.
Google Scholar
Fineberg NA, Chamberlain SR, Goudriaan AE, Stein DJ, Vanderschuren LJMJ, Gillian CM, et al. New developments in human neurocognition: clinical, genetic, and brain imaging correlates of impulsivity and compulsivity. CNS Spectr. 2014;19:69–89.
Google Scholar
Zelazo PD, Carlson SM. Hot and cool executive function in childhood and adolescence: development and plasticity. Child Dev Perspect. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00246.x.
Koob GF. The dark side of emotion: the addiction perspective. Eur J Pharm. 2015;753:73–87.
Google Scholar
Morein-Zamir S, Papmeyer M, Gillan CM, Crockett MJ, Fineberg NA, Sahakian BJ, et al. Punishment promotes response control deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from a motivational go/no-go task. Psychol Med. 2013;43:391–400.
Google Scholar
Albertella L, Le Pelley ME, Chamberlain SR, Westbrook F, Fontenelle LF, Segrave R, et al. Reward-related attentional capture is associated with severity of addictive and obsessive–compulsive behaviors. Psychol Addict Behav. 2019;33:495–502.
Google Scholar
Anderson BA. What is abnormal about addiction-related attentional biases? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;167:8–14.
Google Scholar
Steptoe A, Serwinski B. Cortisol awakening response. In: George Fink editor. Stress: concepts, cognition, emotion, and behavior. Elsevier; 2016. p. 277–83.
Stephens MAC, Wand G. Stress and the HPA axis: role of glucocorticoids in alcohol dependence. Alcohol Res. 2012;34:468–83.
Google Scholar
Gillan C, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ, van den Heuvel OA, van Wingen G. The role of habit in compulsivity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;26:828–40.
Schwabe L, Dickinson A, Wolf OT. Stress, habits, and drug addiction: a psychoneuroendocrinological perspective. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022212.
Sheppes G, Suri G, Gross JJ. Emotion regulation and psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2015;11:379–405.
Google Scholar
Albertella L, Watson P, Yücel M, Le Pelley ME. Persistence of value-modulated attentional capture is associated with risky alcohol use. Addict Behav Rep. 2019;10:100195.
Google Scholar
Hudson A, Jacques S, Stewart SH. Selective attention to emotional pictures as a function of gambling motives in problem and nonproblem gamblers. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27:1079–91.
Google Scholar
Stojek M, Shank LM, Vannucci A, Bongiorno DM, Nelson EE, Waters AJ, et al. A systematic review of attentional biases in disorders involving binge eating. Appetite. 2018;123:367–89.
Google Scholar
Albertella L, Chamberlain SR, Le Pelley ME, Greenwood L-M, Lee RSC, Den Ouden L, et al. Compulsivity is measurable across distinct psychiatric symptom domains and is associated with familial risk and reward-related attentional capture. CNS Spectr. 2020;25:1–8.
Fazio RH, Pietri ES, Rocklage MD, Shook NJ. Positive versus negative valence: asymmetries in attitude formation and generalization as fundamental individual differences. Science. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2014.09.002.
Pessoa L. Emotion and cognition and the amygdala: from “what is it?” to “what’s to be done?”. Neuropsychologia. 2010;48:3416–29.
Google Scholar
Jenkins LM, Stange JP, Barba A, DelDonno SR, Kling LR, Briceño EM, et al. Integrated cross-network connectivity of amygdala, insula, and subgenual cingulate associated with facial emotion perception in healthy controls and remitted major depressive disorder. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2017;17:1242–54.
Google Scholar
Jacobs RH, Barba A, Gowins JR, Klumpp H, Jenkins LM, Mickey BJ, et al. Decoupling of the amygdala to other salience network regions in adolescent-onset recurrent major depressive disorder. Psychol Med. 2016;46:1055–67.
Google Scholar
Uchida M, Biederman J, Gabrieli JDE, Micco J, de Los Angeles C, Brown A, et al. Emotion regulation ability varies in relation to intrinsic functional brain architecture. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2015;10:1738–48.
Google Scholar
Jung WH, Lee S, Lerman C, Kable Correspondence JW. Amygdala functional and structural connectivity predicts individual risk. Neuron. 2018;98:394–404.
Google Scholar
Riedel MC, Yanes JA, Ray KL, Eickhoff SB, Fox PT, Sutherland MT, et al. Dissociable meta-analytic brain networks contribute to coordinated emotional processing. Hum Brain Mapp. 2018;39:2514–31.
Google Scholar
Ramasubbu R, Konduru N, Cortese F, Bray S, Gaxiola-Valdez I, Goodyear B. Reduced intrinsic connectivity of amygdala in adults with major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2014;5:1–11.
Google Scholar
Göttlich M, Krämer UM, Kordon A, Hohagen F, Zurowski B. Decreased limbic and increased fronto-parietal connectivity in unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35:5617–32.
Google Scholar
Park AT, Leonard JA, Saxler PK, Cyr AB, Gabrieli JDE, Mackey AP. Amygdala–medial prefrontal cortex connectivity relates to stress and mental health in early childhood. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2018;13:430–9.
Google Scholar
Diniz J, Fossaluza V, Belotto-Silva C, Shavitt RG, Pereira CA. Possible solutions to the shortcomings of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Med Express. 2015. https://doi.org/10.5935/MedicalExpress.2015.04.03.
Jardin BF, Larowe SD, Hall BJ, Malcolm RJ. The Obsessive Compulsive Cocaine Scale: assessment of factor structure, reliability, and validity. Addict Behav. 2011;36:1223–7.
Google Scholar
Fedoroff I, Sobell LC, Agrawal S, Sobell MB, Gavin DR. Evaluation of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS-hd) for heavy drinking with mild to moderately dependent alcohol abusers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999;23:1477–83.
Google Scholar
Kim SW, Grant JE, Potenza MN, Blanco C, Hollander E. The Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale (G-SAS): a reliability and validity study. Psychiatry Res. 2009;166:76–84.
Google Scholar
Yee K, Serrano D, Kando J, McElroy SL. A psychometric analysis and revalidation of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for binge eating in adults with binge eating disorder. Qual Life Res. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-019-02277-8.
Modell JG, Glaser FB, Mountz JM, Schmaltz S, Cyr L. Obsessive and compulsive characteristics of alcohol abuse and dependence: quantification by a newly developed questionnaire. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1992;16:266–71.
Google Scholar
Den Ouden L, Tiego J, Lee RSC, Albertella L, Greenwood LM, Fontenelle L, et al. The role of experiential avoidance in transdiagnostic compulsive behavior: a structural model analysis. Addict Behav. 2020;108:106464.
Google Scholar
Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Rosario MC, Pittenger C, Leckman JF. Meta-analysis of the symptom structure of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:1532–42.
Google Scholar
Pauls DL, Abramovitch A, Rauch SL, Geller DA. Obsessive–compulsive disorder: an integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15:410–24.
Google Scholar
Gámez W, Chmielewski M, Kotov R, Ruggero C, Watson D. Development of a measure of experiential avoidance: the multidimensional experiential avoidance questionnaire. Psychol Assess. 2011;23:692–713.
Google Scholar
Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. Perceived stress scale. Meas Stress A Guide Heal Soc Sci. 1994;235–83.
Evans P, Smyth N, Thorn L, Hucklebridge F, Clow A. Salience versus magnitude in the measurement of the cortisol awakening response. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;103:249–58.
Google Scholar
Song X-W, Dong Z-Y, Long X-Y, Li S-F, Zuo X-N, Zhu C-Z, et al. REST: a toolkit for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data processing. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25031.
Google Scholar
Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE, Tatham RL. Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ; 2014.
Chekanov SV. Data clustering. London: Springer; 2010. p. 335–42.
Hennig C. Cluster-wise assessment of cluster stability. Comput Stat Data Anal. 2007;52:258–71.
Google Scholar
Formann AK. Die latent class analyse einführung in die theorie und anwendung. Weinheim; 1984.
Aghajani M, Veer IM, van Tol M-J, Aleman A, van Buchem MA, Veltman DJ, et al. Neuroticism and extraversion are associated with amygdala resting-state functional connectivity. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2014;14:836–48.
Google Scholar
Hu S, Ide JS, Chao HH, Zhornitsky S, Fischer KA, Wang W, et al. Resting state functional connectivity of the amygdala and problem drinking in non-dependent alcohol drinkers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;185:173–80.
Google Scholar
Habas C. Research note: a resting-state, cerebello-amygdaloid intrinsically connected network. Cerebellum Ataxias. 2018;5:1–4.
Google Scholar
Kragel PA, LaBar KS. Multivariate neural biomarkers of emotional states are categorically distinct. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2015;10:1437–48.
Google Scholar
Nguyen VT, Sonkusare S, Stadler J, Hu X, Breakspear M, Guo CC. Distinct cerebellar contributions to cognitive-perceptual dynamics during natural viewing. Cereb Cortex. 2017;27:5652–62.
Google Scholar
Roy AK, Fudge JL, Kelly C, Perry JSA, Daniele T, Carlisi C, et al. Intrinsic functional connectivity of amygdala-based networks in adolescent generalized anxiety disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52:290–9.e2.
Google Scholar
Crane NA, Gorka SM, Phan KL, Childs E. Amygdala-orbitofrontal functional connectivity mediates the relationship between sensation seeking and alcohol use among binge-drinking adults. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;192:208–14.
Google Scholar
Morawetz C, Bode S, Baudewig J, Heekeren HR. Effective amygdala-prefrontal connectivity predicts individual differences in successful emotion regulation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2017;12:569–85.
Google Scholar
Comte M, Schön D, Coull JT, Reynaud E, Khalfa S, Belzeaux R, et al. Dissociating bottom-up and top-down mechanisms in the cortico-limbic system during emotion processing. Cereb Cortex. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhu185.
Moore CF, Sabino V, Koob GF, Cottone P. Neuroscience of compulsive eating behavior. Front Neurosci. 2017. Den Ouden https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00469.
Barker JM, Taylor JR. Habitual alcohol seeking: modeling the transition from casual drinking to addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014;47:281–94.
Google Scholar
Adams TG, Kelmendi B, Brake CA, Gruner P, Badour CL, Pittenger C. The role of stress in the pathogenesis and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Chronic Stress. 2018;2:247054701875804.
Google Scholar
Schwabe L, Wolf OT. Stress prompts habit behavior in humans. J Neurosci. 2009;29:7191–8.
Google Scholar
Smeets T, van Ruitenbeek P, Hartogsveld B, Quaedflieg CWEM. Stress-induced reliance on habitual behavior is moderated by cortisol reactivity. Brain Cogn. 2019;133:60–71.
Google Scholar
Wirz L, Wacker J, Felten A, Reuter M, Schwabe L. A deletion variant of the α2b-adrenoceptor modulates the stress-induced shift from “cognitive” to “habit” memory. J Neurosci. 2017;37:2149–60.
Google Scholar
Schwabe L, Tegenthoff M, Höffken O, Wolf OT. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade prevents stress-induced modulation of multiple memory systems in the human brain. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74:801–8.
Google Scholar
Duan H, Yuan Y, Zhang L, Qin S, Zhang K, Buchanan TW, et al. Chronic stress exposure decreases the cortisol awakening response in healthy young men. Stress. 2013;16:630–7.
Google Scholar
MacDonald D, Wetherell MA. Competition stress leads to a blunting of the cortisol awakening response in elite rowers. Front Psychol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01684.
Veen G, van Vliet IM, DeRijk RH, Giltay EJ, van Pelt J, Zitman FG. Basal cortisol levels in relation to dimensions and DSM-IV categories of depression and anxiety. Psychiatry Res. 2011;185:121–8.
Google Scholar
Powell DJ, Schlotz W. Daily life stress and the cortisol awakening response: testing the anticipation hypothesis. PLoS One. 2012;7:e52067.
Google Scholar
Zunick PV, Granados Samayoa JA, Fazio RH. The role of valence weighting in impulse control. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2017;72:32–38.
Google Scholar
Pietri ES, Fazio RH. Recalibrating valence weighting biases to promote changes in rejection sensitivity and risk-taking. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.05.004.
Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:760–73.
Google Scholar
Marquand AF, Wolfers T, Mennes M, Buitelaar J, Beckmann CF. Beyond lumping and splitting: a review of computational approaches for stratifying psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2016;1:433–47.
Google Scholar
Dalmaijer ES, Nord CL, Astle DE. Statistical power for cluster analysis. arXiv:2003.00381 [Preprint]. 2021 [cited 2021 May 25]:[53 p.]. Available from: http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.00381.
Fonseca JRS, Cardoso MGMS. Mixture-model cluster analysis using information theoretical criteria. Intell Data Anal. 2007;11:155–73.
Google Scholar
Nylund-Gibson K, Choi AY. Ten frequently asked questions about latent class analysis. Transl Issues Psychol Sci. 2018;4:440–61.
Google Scholar
Abramowitz JS, Taylor S, McKay D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet. 2009;374:491–9.
Google Scholar
